Lewandowski, 33, won ahead of Liverpool's Mohamed Salah and Paris St-Germain's Lionel Messi.
Cristiano Ronaldo, who was lauded for being the men's international all-time top scorer, received a special award after surpassing Ali Daei's 109-goal record for Iran.
The 36-year-old set a new international mark after scoring his 115th goal in 184 appearances for Portugal in October.
Chelsea boss Thomas Tuchel won the award for the Best Fifa men's coach for guiding Chelsea to their second Champions League title.
Senegalese Edouard Mendy won the award for the Best Fifa men's goalkeeper after a successful first season with Chelsea, including a clean sheet in the 1-0 win over Manchester City in the Champions League final.